Author: test

Henry’s Character
A powerful athlete
Friendly and generous
Fluent in French/Spanish
Musician/composer

Henry’s Aims as a Monarch
Achieve glorious battles
Create a magnificent court
Maintain law and order
Good servant to the Church

Henry’s Strengths
Popular with the people.
Establish system of government.
Had experienced advisors.

Henry’s weaknesses
Little experience of government.
He wanted to go to war.
He had a large ego.

Cromwell Rise to Power
Son of a blacksmith.
Fought as a mercenary.
A merchant in Antwerp.
Worked for Wolsey in law.

Cromwell’s serving Henry VIII
Election as an MP for Taunton.
Membership of Royal Council.
Securing Henry’s annulment which allowed him to marry Anne and secure an heir.

Cromwell reforms of government
Created Privy Council.
Act of Union with Wales.
Dissolution of Monasteries.
Pledge loyalty to Henry not the Pope.

Cromwell's Downfall
Failure of the marriage with Anne of Cleves,
Duke of Norfolk spreading rumours stating he was going against the Kings wishes.

Wolsey Rise to Power
Archbishop of York and Cardinal.
Legal and financial administrator.
Butchers son but went to Oxford.
Done the tasks Henry avoided.

Wolsey Foreign Policy
The Treaty of London, 1518.
Field of Cloth of Gold, 1520.
War with France, 1522 –25.
Policy with Holy Roman Empire.

Wolsey Domestic Policy
Enclosures (fenced off land.)
Finance (increase Kings income.)
The Amicable Grant. (new tax.)
The Eltham Ordinances. (save money.)

Wolsey Failure
Arrogant so nobles hated him.
Failed to annual Henry’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
Amicable Grant failure..

Reasons for the Break from Rome
Wanted to divorce Catherine.
Needed an heir.
Fell in love with Anne Boleyn.
To pressure the Pope.

Opposition to the Break from Rome
Thomas more (fear of hell.)
Elizabeth Barton (visions from God.)
John Fisher (Catherine is his wife)

Reasons for Dissolution of monasteries
Act of Supremacy which made him head of church,
Financial gain.
New religious ideas.

Pilgrimage of Grace
Robert Aske led 40,000 rebels.
Disagreed closing monasteries.
Wanted to defend Catholicism.
Henry raised army of 3000 run by the Duke of Norfolk. Revolt was crushed,

4 Mark Feature Questions

12 mark explain questions

16 mark statement question

Point: Describe:
D

Point:
Evidence:
Explain

Point:
Evidence:
Explain

Point:
Evidence:
Explain

Intro

Argument supporting statement

Argument against statement

Conclusion

Point: Describe:

History Progress Ladder

A01
Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the key features and characteristics of the period study.

A02
Explain and analyse historical events and periods using second order concepts. (Change, Continuity, causation, consequence, similarity, difference and significance.

A03
Analyse, evaluate and use sources to make substantial judgements, in the context of historical events studied.

A04
Analyse, evaluate and make judgements about interpretations, including how and why they differ.

Annulment: Divorce.
Archbishop: in control of a large district.
Holy Roman Empire: Central Europe controlled by Charles V.
Heir: A son next in line to the throne.
Privy Council: A body of closest advisers.
Dissolution of Monasteries: Get rid of churches. Income from this goes to the King.

Rise to Power

1513—Henry led an invasion of France organised by Wolsey.

1514—his success in war was rewarded when he became bishop of London then Archbishop of York.

1515—the Pope appoints Wolsey as cardinal.

1515—Henry’s chief minister

Foreign
Policy

1518—Treaty of London signed which agreed European countries would live in peace. Wolsey was successful but it did not last long.

1520—The Field of Cloth of Gold kept Henry at centre of events and was successful in boosting England's image.

1521—25—Charles felt Henry let him down when he invaded the French in Italy so he did not help Henry when he attacked France itself. Henry made an alliance with France and abandoned Charles.

Wolsey

Domestic
Policy

Enclosure—Farmers fenced off land and used it for sheep. Wolsey DID NOT reduce amount of enclosures so people continued to be poor.

Finance - The king needed more income. Wolsey collected £800 000 in tax but the king spent double this.

Law— In 1516 he made reforms to punish corruption in court but made enemies with the nobles by doing this.

Eltham Ordinances - Wolsey wanted to cut the courtiers and decrease noble influence on the king but no changes were made.

The Amicable Grant—Henry wanted a war with France and so Wolsey forced the people to pay an extra tax. There was a rebellion called the Amicable Grant.

Rise to
Power

1512—Cromwell at military and commercial experience at 27 years of age.

1524—trained as a lawyer employed by Thomas Wolsey.

1529—Wolsey’s downfall threatened Cromwell’s career but his loyalty to Wolsey was noted by the king.

1533—Cromwell started to secure Henry’s annulment with Catherine of Aragon.

1534—Cromwell became Henry's chief minister.

Government
Reforms

Crime and Justice—Criminals escape justice so in 1540 Act of Parliament Cromwell abolished sanctuary.

Royal power—The king did not have control over Ireland and wales so in 1536 the Act of Union unified Wales and England. He stationed an army in Ireland.

Royal Finances—Money was needed for defence so Cromwell sold church lands from the Dissolution of the Monasteries.

Parliament—there was a danger that Parliament would oppose religious changes so he forced the House of Commons to vote for what the king wanted.

Cromwell

The Reformation 1529-40

1532—The Submission of the Clergy
Pressured by Cromwell, the archbishops and bishops agreed in public that the king was their new law maker. All church laws had to have his approval. This was the first public step to accepting the King and not the Pope.

1533—The Act in Restraint of Appeals to Rome
The church had its own legal system with the Pope as the final court of appeal. This Act of Parliament restrained anyone appealing to the Pope. This shut the Pope out of English affairs.

1534—The Act of Supremacy
This Act said the King was now the ‘Supreme Head of the Church of England.’ All the heads of religious orders had to take an oath recognising this.

1539– The Act for the Dissolution of the Monasteries
All the larger monasteries were destroyed, lands seized and sold. The land was sold so people would support Henry’s Reformation.

Timeline

1509—Henry married Catherine of Aragon.

1518—Catherine conceived 6 times but only Mary survived in 1516.

1522—Anne retuned from the Field of Cloth of Gold to be Catherine's first maid.

1524—Henry stopped sleeping with Catherine who was 39 years old.

1527—Wolsey was instructed to ask Pope Clement VII to annual Henry’s marriage to Catherine.

1529—Wolsey fell from power for failing to secure an annulment.

1531—Cromwell secures an annulment.

1533(Jan) —Anne is pregnant so Henry secretly married her.

1533(March) - Act of Restraint of Appeals stated England was an empire not subject to foreign rule. The divorce was legitimised so marriage to Anne accepted.

1533(Sep) - Elizabeth is born.

1536—Anne miscarried twice.

1536(May)—Anne was accused of adultery and executed.

1536-40—The closure of the English Monasteries.

1536—Henry marries Jane Seymour.

1537—Edward was born and Jane dies.

1540—Henry marries Anne of Cleves and divorces her in a month

1540—Cromwell is executed.